Términos

Violation of trust or confidence or an abandonment of something committed to one's charge, such as a revelation or divulging of something which it is desirable to keep secret or a treacherous giving up to an enemy.

The actions, rites, ceremonies, or agreements surrounding a formal arrangement between a man and a woman to marry at some future time. An engagement or betrothal is a promise to wed, and also the period of time between a marriage proposal and a marriage which may be lengthy or trivial.

Úsese para describir obras producidas por el grupo étnico africano del mismo nombre que habita Madagascar.

Describe obras creadas por afro-malgaches del mismo nombre que habitan el este de Madagascar.

Genus of hardy, deciduous trees of the family Betulaceae, common to North America, Europe and Asia. Birch tress are readily distinguished by their white bark and diamond-shaped leaves. The lightweight bark contains natural waxes, oils, and tannins that make it tough, durable, and waterproof. Thin sheets of bark were commonly used for paper in Central Asia and the Far East. The water-impervious bark was used for wigwams, canoes, and shoes for Native Americans. Birch produces a strong, pale yellow-brown wood with a close, straight grain and uniform texture that finishes to a smooth surface. Dyes can also be obtained from various parts of birch trees. The leaves, usually gathered before they develop a mature green color, produce a yellow dye. The bark produces a pale brown color. The female catkins (a long shoot bearing flowers with no leaves) are boiled to produce a dull yellow color. Birch bark oil and birch beer are made from sap obtained from the trees. The sap allows birch bark to burn even when it is wet.

Species of ornamental and timber tree native to the northeastern part of North America. It is among the largest of birches, reaching 30 m (100 feet) on cool, moist bottomlands and on drier soils to elevations of 1,950 m. On limbs and young trunks the silvery yellow bark peels in paper-thin curls; on old trunks it is red-brown, deeply grooved, and broken into irregular plates. The pale green twigs are slightly aromatic. The hard, pale red-brown wood usually is not separated from that of sweet birch commercially.

Species of North American ornamental and timber tree, usually around 18 m (60 feet) in height; on poor soil it may be stunted and shrublike. The smooth, shiny, nonpeeling outer bark, red brown on younger stems, is almost black on older trunks and deeply furrowed into irregular scales. The twigs and inner bark smell and taste like wintergreen. The hard, close-grained wood is similar to that of yellow birch but denser and of deeper color. Sweet birch is a source of birch oil, formerly a substitute for oil of wintergreen. Birch beer is made from the sap.

Species of small birch shrub native to arctic and cool temperate regions of northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America. It is sometimes divided into two or more subspecies.

Species of ornamental tree found on riverbanks and swamps in the eastern one-third of the United States, growing 18-30 m (60 to 80 feet) in height. Because the lower trunk becomes very dark with age, the tree is sometimes called black birch. The red-brown, deeply furrowed bark on an old trunk breaks into ragged, closely appressed scales; the upper trunk and branches are smooth, salmon pink to rose cinnamon, with a metallic luster.

Species of fast growing, short-lived, ornamental, shade, and timber tree native to northern and central North America, typically around 18 meters (60 feet) in height, with a brown bark that whitens over time and peels into paper-thin layers marked by narrow horizontal pores or lenticels. On the copper-colored inner bark, the pores are bright orange. Short, pendulous branches and numerous flexible twigs create a lacy silhouette in winter. The close-grained, almost white wood is used for turned articles, flooring, furniture, woodenware, pulp, and fuel. North American Indians used the thin, water-impervious bark for roofing, canoes, and writing material (thus the name "paper birch"). It is a pioneer species after fire. The sap is boiled down to produce birch syrup. The tree is known in several varieties.

Species of medium-sized European birch, typically reaching 15-25 m tall with a slender trunk and a crown of drooping branches and small, sharp-pointed leaves about 6 cm (2 inches) long. The bark is white, often with black diamond-shaped marks or larger patches at the base.

Short-lived species of deciduous tree native to North America, ranging from Ontario to Nova Scotia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, with disjunct populations in Indiana, Virginia, and North Carolina. It prefers poor, dry upland soils, but is also found in moist mixed woodlands. It is a common pioneer species on abandoned fields and burned areas, thus the name "oldfield birch."Gray birch grows quickly to 7 to 9 m tall and 0.3 m trunk diameter

Species of birch tree abundant throughout northern Europe, Iceland, northern Asia, and Greenland. It is a deciduous tree growing to over 60 feet tall (18 m), with a slender crown and a trunk, having smooth dull gray-white bark finely marked with dark horizontal lenticels. It is closely related to, and often confused with the silver birch.

Species of birch tree native to the Himalayas, growing at elevations up to 4,500 m (14,800 feet). The bark is white and paper thin, used in ancient times for writing Sanskrit scriptures and texts, and today used for writing sacred mantras. The bark is also used for packaging, the wood is used as firewood. There are many named varieties and cultivars used in landscaping.

Betulaceae is the birch family of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Fagales; some authorities, however, have placed the family in the order Betulales. The family contains six genera and 120-150 species. Although not done in this hierarchy, it is elsewhere sometimes divided into two subfamilies: Betuloideae, with the genera Betula (birch) and Alnus (alder); and Coryloideae, with the genera Carpinus (hornbeam), Corylus (hazel, or filbert), Ostrya, and Ostryopsis.

A resin extracted from birch bark. It has been identified as a component of archaeological tars found in Austrian sites, demonstrating that the Iron Age tars were made from birch.

Cualquiera de varias mezclas sólidas o semisólidas de hidrocarburos producidos en la naturaleza o que se obtiene como residuo de la destilación del petróleo o el carbón. Para la parte de hidrocarburos negruzco de asfalto, use asfalto (material bituminoso).